:: student centred ::

In the traditional approach to college teaching, most class time is spent with the professor lecturing and the students watching and listening. The students work individually on assignments, and cooperation is discouraged.

Student-centered teaching methods shift the focus of activity from the teacher to the learners. These methods include
1. active learning
in which students solve problems, answer questions, formulate questions of their own, discuss, explain, debate, or brainstorm during class
2. cooperative learning
in which students work in teams on problems and projects under conditions that assure both positive interdependence and individual accountability
3. inductive teaching and learning, in which students are first presented with challenges (questions or problems) and learn the course material in the context of addressing the challenges. Inductive methods include inquiry-based learning, case-based instruction, problem-based learning, project-based learning, discovery learning, and just-in-time teaching.

Student-centered methods have repeatedly been shown to be superior to the traditional teacher-centered approach to instruction, a conclusion that applies whether the assessed outcome is short-term mastery, long-term retention(pengekalan), or depth of understanding of course material, acquisition of critical thinking or creative problem-solving skills, formation of positive attitudes toward the subject being taught, or level of confidence in knowledge or skills.